Black Lives Experiencing Homelessness Matter: A Critical Conceptual Framework for Understanding How Policing Drives System Avoidance among Vulnerable Populations

This paper examines racialized encounters with the police from the perspectives of people experiencing homelessness in San Diego, California in 2020. By some estimates, homelessness doubled in San Diego during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. We conducted a survey of (n = 244) and interviews with (n = 57) homeless San Diegans during initial shelter-in-place orders, oversampling for Black respondents, whose voices are often under-represented despite high rates of homelessness nationally. Our respondents reported high rates of police contact, frequent lack of respect;overt racism, sexism, and homophobia;and a failure to offer basic services during these encounters. Centering our Black respondents' experiences of criminalization and racism in what Clair calls "criminalized subjectivity," we develop a conceptual framework that brings together critical theoretical perspectives on the role of race in the governance of poverty and crime. When people experiencing extreme poverty face apathy, disrespect, and discrimination from police—as our data show—the result is a reluctance to seek services and to engage with outreach when offered. This reinforces stereotypes of unhoused people as not "wanting" help or "choosing" to be homeless. We reflect on these findings and our framework for envisioning a system of public safety that supports and cares for—rather than punishes—the most vulnerable members of our society. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Public Integrity is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)

Lifestyle audits in South Africa – overrated or X-factor?

PurposePresident Cyril Ramaphosa, in his 2018 State of the Nation Address, stated that "Thieves who are stealing public funds should be arrested and prosecuted”, and called for lifestyle audits of public-sector employees. The gross misuse of COVID-19 relief funds by public officials indicated the urgent need to execute these audits as an anti-corruption measure. This paper aims to provide a review of the existing state of affairs with regard to the application of lifestyle audits in South Africa.Design/methodology/approachThis paper critically analyses the literature available on the current position of South Africa concerning lifestyle audits in the public sector, based on the mandates of some of the anti-corruption agencies that could be responsible for the conducting and processing of such audits.FindingsSouth Africa has only recently seen a framework for applying lifestyle audits, developed by the Department of Public Service and Administration. Although these first steps in developing a standard practice are laudable, the practical process of dealing with misconduct and/or criminal matters remains to be seen. It is recommended that South Africa consider a legislative approach to dealing with unlawfully obtained wealth by either criminalising the act of illicit enrichment (per the United Nations Convention Against Corruption) or creating an Unexplained Wealth Order, as seen, for example, in the UK.Originality/valueSouth Africa is in dire need of addressing corruption in the public sector. Despite lifestyle audits being called for, the lack of proper implementation is negating any positive outcomes. Therefore, alternative solutions should be investigated.

Viral Entanglements Biosecurity, Sexuality, and HIV/AIDS in South Korea

This article explores the treatment of queer people as biosecurity threats during the 2015 outbreak of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in South Korea. The making of corporeal threats pivoted on the common biosecurity techniques of isolation and containment, of both virus and (potentially) infected, and mirrors the protracted treatment of people living with HIV/AIDS. However, in the aftermath of the MERS-CoV outbreak, queer and HIV/AIDS activists critiqued the methods of isolation that make people into threats and reify structural violence, articulating a radical form of relationality that draws infected and noninfected, humans and viruses, together. I argue that inviting relationality, activists mobilize the same biosecurity relations thought to be dangerous. The problem of proximity becomes not only the solution but also an activist tool of social justice. The MERS-CoV outbreak became an opportunity to illustrate a different kind of living, one predicated on what I call the human-virus hybrid: the social and microbial relationships between humans and viruses. Moving through the fields of biosecurity, human-microbe relations, sexuality, and HIV/AIDS, I proffer that the human-virus hybrid provides nuanced understandings of how people considered threats live during public health crises and find innovative methods of endurance.

Abortion Restrictions Threaten All Reproductive Health Care Clinicians

The Supreme Court's decision on Dobbs vJackson will have an impact on reproductive health care provision for years to come, not only where abortion care is now restricted but across the country. As of January 2023,14 states have outlawed or severely restricted abortion.1 Morbidity and mortality around the time of labor is already on the rise nationally, from 658 in 2018 to 861 in 20202-particularly in places where abortion is restricted and labor care is increasingly sparse because of loss of the workforce after the COVID-19 pandemic.3 It is important to understand how the criminalization of abortion providers will affect all other forms of reproductive health care moving forward.In states where abortion care is currently severely limited, clinicians who provide abortion care face criminalization that can include insurmountable legal fees, loss of their medical license, and even imprisonment. Abortion restrictions create a duality in which providers feel they must serve as agents of the state-reporting any suspicious pregnancy-related issues-or have their license called into question, all while trying to best help their patients. Since these laws took effect, we are already seeing delays in health care services for patients needing early pregnancy care management-for abortion as well as miscarriage management and ectopic pregnancies.4 Health care providers may be called on to increase surveillance and report signs of abortion that can violate their protection of HIPAA (the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act) rights, while also facing malpractice claims if they, by delaying or denying early pregnancy care management, are providing what medical evidence shows to be substandard care.

Punitive governance in a pandemic: Challenges and innovation for frontline workers in the homelessness service sector

People experiencing homelessness (PEH) are pressed to survive both in public spaces, where they face intense judicialization and criminalization, as well as in spaces of care, where they also experience punitive governance. Frontline service providers, in shelters, or conducting street outreach, regularly engage with security forces and the police. The social profiling and punitive control of PEH has been widely documented, yet little is known about the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on key issues important to practitioners and their clients. Our paper reports on 43 semi-structured interviews conducted with Montreal practitioners, focusing on local themes such as COVID tickets, encampments, and increased security forces in shelters. Engaging with work on the punitive governance of homelessness and a criminology of crisis, we analyze how frontline workers face challenges while also pushing to adapt, innovate and resist punitive approaches. Our work can help clarify when and how pandemic-related laws, regulations, police practices, and agency rules impact practitioners and the people they work with. We contribute to a better understanding of the control, punishment and exclusion of PEH and of legal violence, while also focusing on community and frontline resilience. © 2022 Intellect Ltd Article.

Misinformation about fake news: A systematic critical review of empirical studies on the phenomenon and its status as a ‘threat'

After the 2016 US presidential elections, the term ‘fake news' became synonymous with disinformation and a catch-all term for the problems that social networks were bringing to communication. Four years later, there are dozens of empirical studies that have attempted to describe and analyse an issue that, despite still being in the process of definition, has been identified as one of the key COVID-19 cyberthreats by Interpol, is considered a threat to democracy by many states and supranational institutions and, as a consequence, is subject to regulation or even criminalization. These legislative and criminal policy interventions form part of the first stage in the construction of a moral panic that may lead to the restriction of freedom of expression and information. By analysing empirical research that attempts to measure the extent of the issue and its impact, the present article aims to provide critical reflection on the process of constructing fake news as a threat. Via a systematic review of the literature, we observe, firstly, that the concept of fake news used in empirical research is limited and should be refocused because it has not been constructed according to scientific criteria and can fail to include relevant elements and actors, such as governments and traditional media. Secondly, the article analyses what is known scientifically about the extent, consumption and impact of fake news and argues that it is problematic to establish causal relationships between the issue and the effects it has been said to produce. This conclusion requires us to conduct further research and to reconsider the position of fake news as a threat as well as the resulting regulation and criminalization. © The Author(s) 2021.

Collaborer en contexte de COVID-19: Point de vue d'intervenants oeuvrant auprès de personnes judiciarisées sur les obstacles qu'ils ont rencontrés

Cet article se penche sur les réponses de 81 intervenants québécois oeuvrant auprès de personnes judiciarisées âgées de 16 à 35 ans à propos des défis que pose la crise sanitaire en matière de collaboration intra et interorganisationnelle. Ces intervenants, affiliés à diverses agences des milieux institutionnels et communautaires, ont rempli, entre novembre 2020 et juin 2021, un questionnaire portant notamment sur les effets de la crise pandémique sur leur capacité à travailler en collaboration. Les résultats de cette enquête montrent comment les conséquences de cette crise sont venues affecter la dimension organisationnelle de la collaboration intra et interorganisationnelle et encore davantage, sa dimension interactionnelle. En d'autres mots, ces résultats révèlent combien les relations humaines constituent un élément fondamental à la collaboration, tant celles que les intervenants développent entre eux que celles qu'ils développent avec leur clientèle. Au final, cet article porte à réfléchir sur les conditions essentielles à la collaboration ainsi que sur les attentes que l'on fait peser sur elle en faveur d'une meilleure intégration des services et d'un accompagnement mieux adapté à la complexité des trajectoires des personnes judiciarisées.Alternate :This article examines the responses of 81 Quebec practitioners working with criminalized individuals aged 16 to 35 who were surveyed about the challenges posed by the pandemic crisis in terms of intra- and inter-organizational collaboration. These practitioners, affiliated to various public and community agencies, completed, between November 2020 and June 2021, a questionnaire regarding the impact of COVID-19 on their ability to work in collaboration with other practitioners. The findings of this study show that the crisis has had particularly powerful effects on the organizational dimension of collaboration, and even more so on the interactional dimension of collaboration. More specifically, the findings indicate how human relationships constitute an essential aspect of collaborative practices, regarding both collaboration among practitioners and collaboration with clients. In conclusion, this article provides an opportunity to reflect on the conditions essential for collaborative work between practitioners, as well as on the expectations one should have with regard to the integration of services and the support of criminalized individuals.Alternate :Este artículo examina las respuestas de 81 trabajadores quebequenses que trabajan con personas judicializadas de entre 16 y 35 años sobre los retos que plantea la crisis sanitaria en términos de colaboración intra e interinstitucional. Entre noviembre de 2020 y junio de 2021, estos trabajadores, afiliados a diversos organismos institucionales y comunitarios, completaron un cuestionario sobre los efectos de la pandemia en su capacidad para trabajar juntos. Los resultados de esta investigación muestran cómo las consecuencias de esta crisis han afectado a la dimensión organizativa de la colaboración intra e interorganizativa y, sobre todo, a su dimensión interactiva. En otras palabras, estos resultados muestran cómo las relaciones humanas son un elemento fundamental de la colaboración, tanto las que los profesionales desarrollan entre sí como las que desarrollan con sus usuarios. Finalmente, este artículo reflexiona sobre las condiciones esenciales para la colaboración, así como sobre las expectativas que se depositan en ella en favor de una mejor integración de los servicios y de un apoyo mejor adaptado a la complejidad de las trayectorias de las personas judicializadas.

Gestion punitive de l'itinérance durant la pandémie: Défis et stratégies des intervenant·e·s de première ligne à Montréal

Les personnes en situation d'itinérance (PSI) qui tentent de (sur)vivre dans les espaces publics vivent une judiciarisation accrue ainsi qu'un contrôle punitif qui se manifestent aussi dans les espaces de soins. Les intervenant·e·s de première ligne, dans les refuges ou dans la rue, ont des contacts fréquents avec la police. Les pratiques de profilage social et de contrôle punitif exercées sont largement documentées, mais des lacunes subsistent quant aux impacts de la pandémie de COVID-19 pour les intervenant·e·s et leurs usager·ère·s. Notre article rend compte d'une étude de cas menée à Montréal, fondée sur 43 entrevues semi-structurées portant sur les constats d'infraction liés aux mesures sanitaires, les campements et les agent·e·s de sécurité dans les refuges. En nous inspirant de la criminologie des crises ainsi que des études sur la gestion de l'itinérance, nous analysons les défis et les stratégies que les travailleur·euse·s de première ligne utilisent pour résister aux approches punitives. Notre étude aide à clarifier les conséquences de la gouvernance des espaces publics et de services durant la pandémie pour les intervenant·e·s et leurs usager·ère·s. Elle participe à une meilleure compréhension de la violence juridique, du contrôle punitif et de l'exclusion des populations marginalisées, tout en portant une attention particulière à la résilience du milieu communautaire et des intervenant·e·s de première ligne.Alternate :People experiencing homelessness (PEH) are pressed to survive both in public spaces, where they face intense judicialization and criminalization, as well as in spaces of care, where they also experience punitive governance. Frontline service providers, in shelters, or conducting street outreach, regularly engage with security forces and the police. The social profiling and punitive control of PEH has been widely documented, yet little is known about the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on key issues important to practitioners and their clients. Our paper reports on 43 semi-structured interviews conducted with Montreal practitioners, focusing on local themes such as COVID tickets, encampments, and increased security forces in shelters. Engaging with work on the punitive governance of homelessness and a criminology of crisis, we analyze how frontline workers face challenges while also pushing to adapt, innovate and resist punitive approaches. Our work can help clarify when and how pandemic-related laws, regulations, police practices, and agency rules impact practitioners and the people they work with. We contribute to a better understanding of the control, punishment and exclusion of PEH and of legal violence, while also focusing on community and frontline resilience.Alternate :Las personas si hogar intentado sobrevivir en los espacios públicos se enfrentan a una intensa judicialización y a un control punitivo que se manifiesta también en los espacios donde reciben asistencia. Los proveedores de servicios de primera línea, en los albergues o en la calle, tienen contacto frecuente con la policía. Las prácticas de elaboración de perfiles sociales y el control punitivo han sido ampliamente documentadas, pero las lagunas persisten en lo que se refiere al impacto que ha tenido la pandemia de COVID-19 sobre los trabajadores de primera línea y sus usuarios. Nuestro artículo presenta un estudio de caso llevado a cabo en Montréal, fundado sobre 43 entrevistas semiestructuradas sobre las multas por incumplimiento de medidas sanitarias, los campamentos y las fuerzas de seguridad en los albergues. Inspirándose en la criminología de las crisis y los estudios sobre la gestión de las personas sin techo, analizamos los desafíos y las estrategias que los trabajadores de primera línea utilizan para resistir ante los enfoques punitivos. Nuestro estudio ayuda a clarificar las consecuencias de la gobernanza de los espacios públicos y de los servicios durante la pandemia para dichos trabajadores y sus usuarios. Además, contribuy a una mejor comprensión de la violencia jurídica, del control punitive y de la exclusión de las personas marginalizadas, prestando especial atención a la resiliencia del sector comunitario y de los profesionales de primera línea.

The First Amendment and Covid-19: Strategies for How to Control the Spread of Misinformation

[...]this manuscript takes a global approach and highlights strategies countries such as Amsterdam, Spain, and the Europe Union have implemented to combat the spread of false information. According to Mello (2022), in 2012 the Supreme Court heard a case, "invalidating a law that criminalized lying about receiving military medals, the Supreme Court refused to hold that false statements lie wholly outside First Amendment protection" (p. 1). Furthermore, in the first quarter of 2020, Fox News averaged 3.4 million total primetime viewers, compared to 1.9 million for MSNBC and 1.4 million for CNN. Because the average age for a Fox News viewer is over 65, and the network averages the largest viewership of all news outlets, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) believed that Fox News' messaging may have left its audience at a higher risk of contracting Covid-19. [...]of the circulation of fake news (FN), the most frequent complaint about getting vaccinated against Covid-19 was the fear of experiencing side effects;this led people to question the safety and effectiveness of the vaccine.

Criminalization of the Transmission of the Coronavirus COVID-19 and Its Impact on the Right to a Healthy Environment

Murder usually causes death. Unconventional kinds of attacks on human life include the propagation of Coronavirus illness (COVID-19). According to the World Health Organization and medical specialists, COVID-19 is a lethal virus and a poisonous chemical, making its transmission a murderous act. Therefore, it is possible to have several criminal forms related to the transmission of COVID-19 to others. These forms vary according to the consequences resulting from the transmission of COVID-19, so the consequences may be death, which is expected due to this virus;if the victim cannot resist it, the consequences may most often cause harm to others. In addition, these criminal forms vary based on whether the mental element is purposeful or involuntary. © 2022 by ASERS® Publishing. All rights reserved.

Stronger Together: Coalitions as Interventions Against Intersectional Stigma

In response and in a show of solidarity, global community-led networks- MPact Global Action for Gay Men's Health, the Global Network of People Living with HIV, the International Network of People Who Use Drugs, Global Action for Trans Equality, and the Global Network of Sex Work Projects- joined forces to cocreate HIV2020, the first alternative, community-led global HIV conference.7 Although most HIV conferences have narrowed their focus to treatment, clinical care, and other biomedical solutions, HIV2020 articulated a vision for and by key population communities. HIV2020 elevated necessary blunt discussions about sex and drug use from the points of view of communities engaged in these practices rather than encasing them in public health discourse, which can often be focused on disease and risk rather than identities and pleasure.8 The community-led conference endeavored to create a radically different global gathering in which intersectional coalitions and solidarity movements could be envisioned and formed to counter divisive agendas. [...]this was the first major conference to have done so, demonstrating yet again ingenuity and flexibility. People living with HIV, gay and bisexual men, people who use drugs, sex workers, and transgender people united in open recognition ofthe overlap between their communities and a common understanding about the synergistic and compounding effects of stigma faced by individuals with multiple community memberships and identities.

PROBLEMATIC ISSUES OF ATTRACTING CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE CRIMES AGAINST INDUSTRIAL SAFETY

Мета. Дати рекомендацп по вдосконаленню нормативно-правових актш щодо регулювання вщповщних правовщносин у сферi кримшалтци дшнь, пов'язаних İ3 порушенням законодавства про охорону пращ. Методика. Дослщження проблемних питань притягнення до вщповщальноста за порушення вимог законодавства про охорону пращ здшснювалося через вивчення та аналш: законодавчо! бази Украши;робта науковщв у вщповщних галузях;аналшу судово! практики (на прикладi аналiзу судово! практики за справами, розглянутими судами загально! юрисдикци Днiпропетровськоī областi та Верховним Судом за останш 3 роки) з питань притягнення осШ до кримшально! вiдповiдальностi за ч.ч. 1, 2 ст. 271 Кримшального кодексу Укра!ни «Порушення шення вимог законодавства про охорону пращ». Результата. Виявлеш окремi проблеми, що виникають при формуваннi кримiнально-правовоī практики притягнення до вщповщальноста осiб, обвинувачених у скоeннi кримiнальних правопорушень, пов'язаних и порушенням законодавства про працю, що призвело до спричинення шкоди здоров'ю працiвника або його загибелi, у тому чи

“We Knew No One Else Had Our Back except Us”: Recommendations for Creating an Accountability Care Framework with Sex Workers in Eastern Canada

The authors report findings from a 15-month project that focused on the experiences of sex workers who live and work in an Eastern Canadian province. As part of a larger multi-phased study, 15 adults who identified as women, transgender, or non-binary, and received money or goods for sexual services, participated in photo-elicitation interviews. Drawing on a critical framing analysis, findings indicated supports—as identified and experienced by sex workers—encompassed three categories of care: self, community, and collective. These categories are described, with a particular focus on the latter two. Continuing with the care-based framework, recommendations to structure interventions draw on the role of accountability care in identifying how best to operationalize policies that promote health, well-being, and dignity of Canadian sex workers. The paper begins with a brief overview of the Canadian context and the role of supports. It follows with a discussion on the materials and methods and the results. It concludes with recommendations, limitations, and future considerations.

Foreword: Narrative Convictions in “Revolting” Times

The essays you are about to engage are beautifully curated to provoke/invite/reveal new lines of analysis, new ways of seeing/writing/researching/imagining/resisting this moment of what Massey and Hall (2010) would call conjunctural crisis—when seemingly autonomous forces converge, fracturing into rupture and rage, releasing the deadly and unevenly catastrophic, and also stirring the aesthetic imagination for what else might be possible. [...]we arrive at our first narrative conviction—no matter what the topic—critical narrative scholars have a response-ability to destabilize the “construct” or “question” under scrutiny;leave it open, let it breathe like a good wine;listen closely to the nuances;consider what is being foreclosed by this seemingly open question. COVID-19 metasticized, for some, into ressentiment against women, immigrants, communities of color;COVID-19 accompanied the endless video looping of the state sponsored murder of George Floyd and Breonna Taylor, and marked a(nother) moment of racial uprising, in the U.S. and globally, pouring into streets, demanding justice. [...]at another scale, Mastoureh Fathi, Mark Davis and Catarina Kinnvall and Amit Singh theorize and deconstruct the duplicitous nature and stickiness of state-sponsored ideologies and fantasies, designed to deflect, delude and deny;to shift blame, avoid accountabilities and torque public rage away from the state or racial capitalism.

Don’t Read the Comments: Examining Social Media Discourse on Trans Athletes

How are transgender athletes understood in popular discourse? This paper adapts and merges Glaser and Strauss’ 1967 Grounded Theory Method with computerized Automated Text Analysis to provide clarity on large-n datasets comprised of social media posts made about transgender athletes. After outlining the procedures of this new approach to social media data, I present findings from a study conducted on comments made in response to YouTube videos reporting transgender athletes. A total of 60,000 comments made on three YouTube videos were scraped for the analysis, which proceeded in two steps. The first was an iterative, grounded analysis of the top 500 “liked” comments to gain insight into the trends that emerged. Automated Text Analysis was then used to explore latent connections amongst the 60,000 comments. This descriptive analysis of thousands of datapoints revealed three dominant ways that people talk about transgender athletes: an attachment to biology as determinative of athletic abilities, a racialized understanding of who constitutes a proper “girl”, and perceptions of sex-segregated sports as the sole way to ensure fairness in athletic opportunities. The paper concludes by drawing out the implications of this research for how scholars understand the obstacles facing transgender political mobilizations, presents strategies for addressing these roadblocks, and underscores the importance of descriptive studies of discourse in political science research concerned with marginalization and inequality.

CRIMINALIZATION OF ANIMAL CRUELTY IN CONTEXT: AN ALBANIAN PERSPECTIVE

Albansko je zakonodavstvo sporo pristupilo sveobuhvatnom ured strok signenju i kaznenom sankcioniranju okrutnosti prema životinjama. Tijekom drugog desetljeća izgradnje demokratskog pravnog sustava, prihvaćeno je zakonodavstvo prvotno odredilo samo prekršajne kazne za ograničen broj djela okrutnosti prema životinjama, počinjenih komisivno ili omisivno. Med strok signutim, peticija 37.257 glasača iz studenog 2017. obvezala je Odbor za zakonodavstvo Parlamenta Albanije da se raspravi i o kriminalizaciji takvih djela. Dvije godine kasnije, 18. srpnja 2019., usvojene su dopune albanskog Kaznenog zakona kojima je dodano 6 članaka kojima je predvid strok signena kaznena sankcija za djela okrutnosti prema životinjama. Pitanje koje se postavlja u radu jest kako su društveni kontekst i drugi faktori oblikovali pravo kojim su regulirana ova kaznena djela. Cilj autora je odgovoriti na to pitanje funkcionalnom metodom te pristupom koji se temelji na kontekstualnoj analizi rješenja problema, poduzimajući dubinsku pravnu procjenu albanskog zakonodavstva te poredbenih pravnih rješenja. Rad se u velikoj mjeri temelji na zapisnicima osam sastanaka Odbora za zakonodavstvo te razgovorima sa 19 članova Parlamenta, službenicima u odgovornim ustanovama te predstavnicima civilnog društva, kako bi se rasvijetlilo kako su napori društva oblikovali proces i krajnji rezultat kriminalizacije okrutnosti prema životinjama u Albaniji. Rasprava se nastavlja s poredbenopravnom analizom predloženih rješenja i usvojene regulacije u Kaznenom zakonu u odnosu prema zakonodavstvima izabranih zemalja Europske unije i EU acquisem. Iznose se sumnje i zabrinutost je li kriminalizacija okrutnosti prema životinjama odgovarajući način kako bi se smanjio broj takvih postupanja.Alternate :The Albanian legislature has been slow to comprehensively regulate and suitably penalize cruelty towards animals. During the second decade of building a democratic legal system, adopted legislation mandated administrative penalties for only a small number of acts of commission or omission that constituted cruelty to animals. A petition from 37,527 electors obliged the Committee of Laws at the Albanian Parliament to deliberate on the criminalization of animal cruelty for the first time in November of 2017. Two years later, on 18 July 2019, the Albanian Criminal Code was amended with six provisions criminalizing animal cruelty. How has context and other factors shaped the law in Albania with regards to animal cruelty?Authors aim to respond to this question through afunctional method with a problem-solving contextual approach, engaging in an in-depth legal evaluation of the Albanian legislation and comparative analysis on the topic. This work draws on deliberations from eight meetings of the Committee of Laws and consultation with nineteen Members of the Parliament, civil servants in responsible institutions, and representatives from civil society, to clarify how society's effort shaped the criminalization of cruelty towards animals in Albania. The discussion proceeds with a comparative legal analysis between proposed legislation and adopted changes in the Criminal Code with legislation in certain EU Member States and EU acquis. Concerns linger about whether criminalizing a behavior such as animal cruelty is the appropriate way to reduce the occurrence of this offence.

Black Lives Experiencing Homelessness Matter: A Critical Conceptual Framework for Understanding How Policing Drives System Avoidance among Vulnerable Populations

This paper examines racialized encounters with the police from the perspectives of people experiencing homelessness in San Diego, California in 2020. By some estimates, homelessness doubled in San Diego during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. We conducted a survey of (n = 244) and interviews with (n = 57) homeless San Diegans during initial shelter-in-place orders, oversampling for Black respondents, whose voices are often under-represented despite high rates of homelessness nationally. Our respondents reported high rates of police contact, frequent lack of respect;overt racism, sexism, and homophobia;and a failure to offer basic services during these encounters. Centering our Black respondents' experiences of criminalization and racism in what Clair calls "criminalized subjectivity," we develop a conceptual framework that brings together critical theoretical perspectives on the role of race in the governance of poverty and crime. When people experiencing extreme poverty face apathy, disrespect, and discrimination from police-as our data show-the result is a reluctance to seek services and to engage with outreach when offered. This reinforces stereotypes of unhoused people as not "wanting" help or "choosing" to be homeless. We reflect on these findings and our framework for envisioning a system of public safety that supports and cares for-rather than punishes-the most vulnerable members of our society.

FEMINIST MARCH OF 8M AND COVID-19: the role of the Spanish mainstream press in the criminalization of protest

The research examines the methods in which social protest is criminalized through the media, as symbolic systems for the construction of reality that favor the control and reproduction of the social order. Based on the case study of the feminist demonstration on March 8, 2020, in Spain, the framing made by the newspapers El País, El Mundo, La Vanguardia, ABC and La Razón in their informative productions are analyzed. The observation period is between March 7 and June 21, 2020, when the first alarm state declared by the Spanish Government to fight the Covid-19 pandemic ended. The results show that beyond the editorial and ideological lines of these media, the feminist protest was mainly demonized by the framing identified in the texts, through the construction of a general idea of responsibility in the spread of the virus. © 2022 Associacao Brasileira de Pesquisadores de Jornalismo. All rights reserved.

Fully legal or only medical and religious purposes? Public support for cannabis policies in the Eastern Caribbean

Purpose>Public support for various policy options for managing cannabis in the Caribbean and the characteristics of those most likely to support specific policy options remains largely unknown. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of age, sex and employment status on the public attitudes towards the full legalisation of cannabis, partial legalisation (that is for medical or religious purposes) or its continued prohibition.Design/methodology/approach>Using secondary data collected from nationally representative public opinion polls conducted by Caribbean Research and Development Services from 2016–2018, this paper compares the public attitudes towards cannabis in Barbados, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, St. Lucia, Antigua and Barbuda and Dominica using a multinomial logistic model.Findings>Support for the continued prohibition, legalisation or partial legalisation of cannabis varied significantly by age, employment status and country of residence. Women, people over 51 years of age and the employed were more likely to support full prohibition. Attitudes towards cannabis policy in the Caribbean are by no means homogenous, neither are the policy shifts occurring across the region, with some of these changes occurring slowly and not necessarily reflective of cultural dynamics.Originality/value>This study is unique in its cross-country analysis in the Caribbean and providing valuable insight into the levels public support for cannabis legalisation. Its findings can help shape targeted public education in these countries.

LGBTIQ+ workplace inclusion: A global issue requiring a transdisciplinary and intersectional approach

[...]evidence-based insight is needed into how to create an LGBTIQ+ inclusive workplace. From a legal perspective, Kees Waaldijk demonstrated the strong global trend of countries explicitly prohibiting employment discrimination based on sexual orientation and argued that such explicit legal prohibition can play a useful role in increasing LGB inclusion (see also Waaldijk, this issue). [...]as Yvonne Muthoni Nyawira so aptly argued in her keynote speech, it is necessary to put local researchers and stakeholders in the driving seat to identify the relevant gaps and to develop appropriate interventions that take the cultural context into account. Importantly, sharing this information is a more precarious issue for sexual and gender minorities than it is for members of majority groups, and can be outright dangerous in contexts where same-sex relations are criminalised by law or socially condemned on a large scale. [...]a critical question that faces researchers and practitioners alike is whether and how to collect SOGIESC data amongst employees.